Astm d2113 pdf

The preferred diamond drill coring core drill setup 2. Essential components of the drilling equipment are designs with hydraulic or gear-driven variable equipment include the drilling rig with rotary power, hoisting speed hollow spindle rotary drill heads, although some core. Precise control over bit pressure can best be accom- 6.

Hydraulic feed drill rigs should be supplied with a 6. In the sections below, consider- Deep hole drill rigs should be equipped with hydraulic hold- ations for materials that could be used in drilling medium are back control so, if required, the full weight of the drill rods is given. Diamond drill 6. A second 6. In special cases, the drilling rig may be before recirculation. The mud pit can be a shallow, open metal mounted on a trailer, barge for overwater drilling , or columns tank with baffles or an excavated pit with some type of liner, for underground work.

Some drill rigs are designed to be and designed to prevent loss of drilling fluid. The mud pit can broken down into several pieces for transport into remote be used as a mixing reservoir for the initial quantity of drilling areas.

The drilling rig power unit may be powered by fluid, and, in some circumstances, for adding water and hydraulics, air, electricity, gas, or diesel. Most surface skid or additives to the drilling fluid as drilling progresses.

It may be truck mounted rigs are diesel or gas powered. Special valve or strainer, or both, conducts the drilling fluid from the accommodations must be made for holding and breaking rods mud pit to the fluid circulation pump. Either top 6. For against variable pumping heads at a flow rate to provide an confined space drilling operations, drills are column mounted annular velocity that is adequate to transport drill cuttings out or mounted on small skids.

Special power sources may be of the drill hole. Remote power pack stations usually electric, hydraulic, 6. Electrically of water-based drilling fluids are: 1 clean, fresh water, 2 powered hydraulic systems are most common in underground water with clay bentonite additives, 3 water with polymeric use today additives, and 4 water with both clay and polymer additives. For commonly used materials added to water-based fluid, see 6.

Platforms are also constructed in the vicinity of drilling due to poor bit lubrication, erosion due to high the drill hole for workers to hold equipment, serve as a datum, velocities required for lifting cuttings, and excessive water and to allow safe operations. In water-sensitive soils, it is desirable to use drill additives 6.

The predominant method of newer synthetic polymer materials are acceptable for piezom- drilling is water-based fluids. Water-based drilling is effective eter and well installations. Air drilling is selected when water-sensitive soils such as applications. The bentonite should be added to water with swelling clays or low density collapsible soils are encountered. For diamond core special testing is required in the unsaturated zone.

Air drilling drilling, low viscosity is usually required due to small clear- is also convenient in highly fractured igneous rocks and porous ances. The viscosity of a fluid-mud mixture is related to the formations where water-based fluid losses are unacceptable. During the high speed rotary drilling process, solids 6.

If mass is rings and bit balling may occur. For some geologic conditions, required to balance high hydrostatic pressures, additives such water injected into the air stream will help control dust or break as barite or ilmenite see 7. If water is contents low. Natural or misting mixture is desirable 3. Under other circumstances, for synthetic polymer fluids are the best additives for diamond core example if the borehole starts to produce water, injection of a drilling.

Polymer chains such as those from guar gum exhibit foaming agent may be required. The depth at which a foaming flow thinning characteristics in high velocity and shear condi- agent is added should also be recorded.

If water infiltration into tions. Polymer fluids can be weighted with salts to balance the borehole impedes circulation, the use of stiffer foams or hydrostatic pressures. Detergents or deflocculating agents can slurries may be needed 3. Air drilling may not be satisfactory be added to discharge lines to assist in dropping cuttings to in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils under the groundwater maintain fluid properties.

Important fluid parameters 6. Test Method D and device cyclone separator. Fluid design can be improved by rates cuttings from the air returning from the borehole via the consultation with manufacturers, suppliers, and by review of dust collector. A properly sized cyclone separator can remove literature Because of a large number of suppliers, practically all of the cuttings from the return air.

Some air cleaning devices mixing of drill fluids, is impossible. When foaming agents are used, a cyclone-type cuttings volume of air, without significant contamination, for removal separator is not used and foam discharge is accumulated near of cuttings. Air requirements depend upon the drill rod and bit the top of the borehole. Airflow 6. Table 1 provides a summary of nomencla- air circulation between the annulus of the hole wall and large ture used for drill hole sizing.

For each size of hole, there is a diameter drill rods 9. Furthermore, the size steps are such that rate may not be appropriate for cuttings transport. This nesting of casings, barrels, and rods from the borehole and cool the bit. Pure air alone does not allows for tapering or telescoping of a drill hole through work well in very moist soils. In moist, clayey matrices, mud difficult formations. Since the core barrel must pass through the.

W series casing has flush inside diameter throughout, while X series casing has upset diameter with coupling inside diameter equal to flush wall inside diameter. In some cases, flush coupled drive pipe can be used to hole is important so a large enough diameter is selected at the support the hole. Drive pipe is available in thickness schedules start. NOTE 3—Inclusion of the following tables and use of letter symbols in 6. The table and the text references are included as a convenience to Uphole or outflow velocity should be sufficient to bring up all the user since the majority of tools in use do meet the DCDMA drill cuttings.

Similar equipment of approximately equal size on the metric standard system is acceptable unless otherwise stipulated by the 6. One casing advancement 6. Usually drive the casing to the previous depth.

Driven casings should when drilling in delicate formations, larger diameter samples be equipped with a hardened shoe to protect end threads. The provide higher quality samples. Often, obtaining samples of the inside diameter of the shoe should be flush with the casing weaker seams or joints in the rock is critical to design.

A larger inside diameter to avoid hang-ups of the core barrel. In some diameter core barrel can often reduce shearing stresses im- cases, water-sensitive zones may require cementing for stabi- parted to a seam or joint in the core and thus reduce mechanical lization.

Casing can be equipped with diamond casing shoes breakage. For core operations related to most surface drilling that allow the casing to be advanced with rotary drilling. The project explorations, the minimum core size would correspond casing shoe should have the same inside diameter as the casing. For interface shear strength determinations on lift temporary installation of a large diameter telescoped casing.

Hollow- 6. Liners may be used inside large diameter casings or augers to increase fluid circulation velocity and optimize cuttings return. Typically, water- sensitive soils and loose overburden soils are protected by 6. The casing circulating fluids for the circulation system selected.

Uphole used should allow for unobstructed passage of the largest core velocity should be sufficient to bring up all drill cuttings. Most barrel to be used, and should be free of upsets in inside drilling operations are done with DCDMA drilling rods con- diameter.

Drill rods are 1. Drill rod sections usually have threaded female. Rod o. Rod i. Nonmagnetic rods are API 4 5. API 4 5. A conventional core barrel is attached to the drilling rods see 6.

Torque is applied to the drill rods while the unknown, it is desirable to specify a swivel type, double tube circulating fluid is pumped through the center of the drill rods core barrel with a split inner barrel, or solid inner barrel with to the bit. The barrel should be wall and barrel and drill rods.

If the formation is poorly lithified, and contains when intermittent sampling is to be performed. Most continu- soil-like layers such as shales with interbedded clay seams, a ous high production coring today is performed with wireline large diameter core barrel may be specified to aid in recovery. These desired components are discussed below. Ten-foot core runs can be performed with good rock America. Other organizations such as the British Standards conditions.

If soft, friable, or highly fractured formations are Institute have adopted DCDMA size conventions, while others encountered, it may be necessary to select barrels with 5-ft core have different standard dimensions such as metric or Swedish runs to reduce the possibility of blockages and improve core Craelius 4. Most manu- 6. Some manufacturers make core bar- discharge and waterway design , core lifter, and reaming shell.

The core is subjected to shown in Table 5. Use of other nonstandardized core barrels is drill fluid circulation over its entire length. Once the core in the acceptable if the type of barrel is appropriate for the drilling barrel is broken from parent material, it will rotate with the conditions and the type of barrel used is reported.

These effects break up all but the most competent. CPWLB 4. The bottom of the core may be subjected to fluid Barrels exposure depending on the locations of fluid discharge. The advantage of double tube in. Washing erosion is Conventional Core BarrelsB reduced and weaker zones can be recovered.

RWT d 0. The barrel may be designed to accept split EWT d 0. Barrels accepting liners require a special inside diameter AWG s. Use of a split barrel or inner liners is preferred for AWT d 1. The cores may be rolled BWT s. AXWL joy 1. BXWL 1. In the rigid barrel NXWL 2. Rigid tube barrels have fewer working parts, HXWL 2. HQWL 2. In softer deposits, there will PQWL 3. B Conventional double-tube core barrels are available in either rigid or swivel type of design is not preferred for routine explorations where designs.

The swivel design inner barrel is preferred for sampling because it aids in rock conditions are not known, as the equipment is only preventing core rotation. In general, smallest core for given hole size results in best acceptable in hard competent formations. Use of double-tube- swivel type barrels with split liners is recommended in geotechnical explorations 2 Swivel Type Double Tube Barrels—In the swivel type for best recovery and least sample damage.

The core is completely protected once it enters the liner. This design core 4, Because of fluid exposure and rotational effects, reduces rock crushing and grinding and resulting blockages. Additional disadvantages of this core exposed to fluids near the bottom of the barrel and there could barrel include: poor diamond performance of the cutting bit in be erosion of soft or fractured formations. This system is only suitable for sampling massive, hard, This type of barrel is typically the minimum requirement when competent, homogeneous rock or concrete.

Due to these drilling explorations are for engineering structures where disadvantages, this core barrel type is not recommended for varying conditions would be encountered. The inner liner is made from either split metal half rounds masonry core barrels with portable drill rigs If there is or tubular acrylic.

The use of split liners increases efficiency in evidence of excessive core erosion, breakage, or blocking, use handling and logging. If the purpose of the exploration is solely of double tube swivel type barrels should be considered.

These systems help with removing the inner liners by inserted. Due to the simplicity of design, these barrels are the use of a piston in the top of the inner barrel. This feature is most rugged, with fewer parts and less maintenance. The only especially helpful if split liners are bowed apart by lateral disadvantage is that the fluid exits above the lifter and the expansion of the core.

The extrusion systems allow for simple bottom of the core is exposed to fluids during drilling. The inner barrel is equipped with a lifter case that series. The fluid only contacts the core and have a simple pin threaded bit into which the core lifter is near the crown of the bit, and washing or eroding of the core.

Face discharge bits are also available for almost less torque for drilling. It gives good performance in hard, no core exposure to fluids. This type of been modified by individual manufacturers. This design provides larger core-to-hole size ratio. A sludge barrel to catch heavy cuttings is also incorpo- by 3-in. We have no amendments or corrections for this standard.

Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful for their site investigation. You can download and open this file to your own computer but DRM prevents opening this file on another computer, including a networked server.

Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. Subscription pricing is determined by: The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

The borehole could be vertical, horizontal, or angled. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. For good safety practice, consult applicable OSHA regulations and other safety guides awtm drilling 1. For good safety practice, consult applicable OSHA regulations and other safety guides on drilling 1.

This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This standard does not purport to address d of the safety concerns, if asym, associated with its use. Other methods may be available for drilling and sampling of rock, and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in s practice. This standard is not included in any packages. This practice is current at the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions; therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or producers prior to specifying program requirements.

Referenced Documents purchase separately The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. This practice covers the guidelines, requirements, and procedures for core drilling, coring, and sampling of rock for the purposes of site exploration. The borehole could be vertical, horizontal, or angled. This practice is described in the context of obtaining data for the design, construction, or maintenance of structures, and applies to surface drilling and drilling from adits and exploratory tunnels.

This practice applies to core drilling in hard and soft rock. This practice does not address considerations for core drilling for geo-environmental site characterization and installation of water quality monitoring devices see Guides D and D The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

This practice does not purport to comprehensively address all of the methods and the issues associated with coring and sampling of rock.